Geographical and ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION of 234 populations belonging to 13 species of Aegilops in Iran after chromosome counting was studied. The relation between different ploidy levels, genome types and ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION was estimated. Results indicate that D genome type and tetraploids are much frequent at higher altitudes. Among the Aegilops species in Iran, Ae. kotschyi and Ae. tauschii Are low land elements while Ae. crassa prefers the highest altitude from the sea level.

Little is known about ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION of lizards in Iran. In the present study we studied DISTRIBUTION pattern of members of family Lacertidae along the eleveatinal gradient in Iran. To determine environmental drivers of DISTRIBUTION pattern of 48 lizard species, all known valid members of family Lacertidae, along elevational gradient in Iran. Firstly, we classified Iran digital elevation model (DEM) based on 100m intervals, that resulted in 56 ALTITUDINAL bands and number of species in each band was recorded. Secondly, we extracted mean value of following variables; altitude, slop, area, solar radiation index (SRI), normalized differences vegetation index (NDVI), annual precipitation, precipitation of wettest month, precipitation of driest month precipitation, precipitation of wettest quarter, precipitation of driest quarter, and precipitation of warmest quarter, and using VIF measure correlated variables were removed. Finally, we performed a multiple regression and found that area and precipitation of warmest quarter are the most important drivers of DISTRIBUTION pattern of family Lacertidae along elevational gradient in Iran. General DISTRIBUTION pattern of family Lacertidae was unimodal and maximum number of species living from 1475 m to 1675 m.

This study aims to investigate DISTRIBUTION of earthquake lateral load along the building’s height of moment resisting frames, considering the structure nonlinear effects. For this purpose several case study steel frames including 3, 7, and 15 story frame -which are common for urban areas- are considered. These frames are designed according to Iranian standard codes for steel buildings and Iranian seismic code of practice (Standard No 2800), using the standard equivalent static procedure, for a soil class of II. Thereafter considering seven earthquake ground-motion scaled records, a nonlinear dynamic analysis for each of frames was performed and DISTRIBUTION pattern of shear force was extracted in frame elevation. In order to take out a certain and reliable lateral load pattern, the incremental dynamic analysis is used and results are averaged. Eventually considering the effective factors in DISTRIBUTION of earthquake lateral load along the height, the extracted load pattern is simplified and formulated to be practicable. The presented equation shows 95% correspondence with the dynamic analysis results.

Intended to examine the effects of altitude on flora, life forms and geographical DISTRIBUTION of herbaceous species, this study was conducted in Kabirkouh forests of Darreshahr, located in Ilam Province, Iran, by selecting an area (circa 300 ha) in this forest. The study area was divided into three elevational classes and 63 systematic random plots were sampled (21 in each of the elevational classes). In order to record the herbaceous cover, the surface area of the plots was determined using the minimal area method. Then the herbaceous species and their percent coverage were recorded based on the Van der Marel criterion. A total of 109 herbaceous species belonging to 92 genera and 24 families were identified in the study area. The most frequent species were in the Asteraceae (23 species) and Poaceae (16 species) families. The results showed that in all three elevational classes, therophytes were the dominant life form of the area. The frequency of the therophytes in the first altitude class was higher than in the other classes. The second predominant life form was hemicryptophytes, whose frequency in the third class was higher than the other classes. Other life forms observed in the region were cryptophytes and chamaephytes, respectively which made up the least proportion of the area’s plant population. In addition, the results indicated that within all of the elevational classes, a high percentage of the existing plants of the study area belonged to the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Generally, the altitude had a significant effect on the DISTRIBUTION of the flora of the study area.

One of the obvious reasons for most disorders in network service provisioning is network path congestion. Congestion avoidance in today's networks is too costly and sometimes impossible. With the introduction of SDN, centralizing the equipment's control plane has become possible. This paper presents an enhanced method named ESV-DBRA to avoid congestion in multi-tenant SDN networks. At first, ESV-DBRA monitors the traffic load and delay of all network paths for each tenant individually. Then, by merging the parameters obtained from the monitoring, the Service Level Agreements (SLA), and a novel proposed cost function, it calculates the cost of the network paths per tenant. As a result, traffic for each tenant is routed through the path/paths at the lowest possible cost from the tenant's perspective. Next, the bandwidth quotas will be calculated and assigned to the tenants over their optimal routes. Afterward, whenever congestion is likely to occur in a path, ESV-DBRA automatically changes the route or bandwidth of the tenants' traffic related to this path to avoid congestion. Related algorithms are also proposed.Eventually, simulations show that the proposed method effectively increases bandwidth utilization by 10.76%.

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, and contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize social relations in mobile social networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, and broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability DISTRIBUTION functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on DISTRIBUTIONs. A lot of works apply the DISTRIBUTION of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing applications, it causes to use of the DISTRIBUTION of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data DISTRIBUTION and to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, and DR about 3.5-times, 30%, and 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% and 6%, and average latency about 6% and 8% better than that of DR and TCCB, respectively.

Nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSRs), together with 16 different enzyme loci, were used to analyze genetic diversity and differentiation among beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) populations along two ALTITUDINAL gradients in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Both enzymes and nSSR analyses revealed a high level of genetic diversity in natural populations of F. orientalis. The genetic diversity, estimated by expected heterozygosity, was 0.19 (by enzymes) and 0.65 (by nSSRs). Genetic variation across both markers did not reveal genetic structuring along ALTITUDINAL transects. There was less genetic variation among ALTITUDINAL gradients within transects compared to transect sites. Differentiation assays and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there was a relatively low genetic differentiation among populations, and just 1% and 5% of the genetic variation occurred among populations by nSSR and enzyme data, respectively. Mantel tests showed that there was not a significant correlation between the genetic distances among populations and the distance of elevation. The results of the present study indicate that the relatively low genetic differentiation among F. orientalis populations at different elevations was not caused by ecological factors. These patterns suggest that higher rates of gene flow along ALTITUDINAL gradients within transects, than between transects; a process that could question ALTITUDINAL adaptation.

This study was conducted by the aim of study the species composition and diversity in the north faced slopes of Sabalan (altitude profiles of Lahrood-Shabil) along 7 transects in three elevation classes of 1500 to 2000m, 2000 to 2500m and 2500 to 2700m in the grass-shrubland dominated habitats. Plant specimens were collected in the fieldworks, and then species were identified using the checklists and reliable literature. Overall, 64 identified species were belonged to 48 genera and 22 families. Poaceae family with 9 genera and 16 species, Fabaceae family with 4 genera and 8 species and Asteraceae family with 6 genera and 6 species are the dominant family and genera. According to the Rankaier's system hemicryptophytes with 50%, therophytes with 31%, geophytes with 16% and chamaephytes with 3% are the growing life forms at the study area. In terms of geographical DISTRIBUTION, 42% of the species are belong to Iran-Turonian region, 22% of those to Iran-Turonian and Euro-Siberian, 12% are cosmopolitan, 3% to Euro-Siberian and other 21% is belong to other regions. From the identified species 6 of them are in threatened status based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) criteria. Diversity and evenness of species were calculated using numerical indices. Results of numerical diversity indices (Simpson and Shannon-Weiner) showed significant change according to elevation. However, the evenness indices (Simpson and Smith and Wilson) show no significant change by elevation.

Monitoring and evaluation of transformers are essential to prevent their insulation failure. In this paper, the use of 2-furan-carboxaldehyde (2-FAL) and methanol (MeOH) concentrations as the main products of paper insulation degradation, and insulation condition markers, has been studied. In order to study the degradation process and production of degradation products, the thermal aging process of the transformer insulation system was implemented in laboratory conditions. The results of laboratory studies show that in the early stages of degradation the amount of MeOH is significant compared to 2-FAL. Also, the estimation of the degree of polymerization (DP) in the early stages of degradation (DP>800) through MeOH concentration and with decreasing DP (DP <800) through 2-FAL concentration is closer to the real value. The results of studies performed on 35 DISTRIBUTION transformers confirm the production of significant amounts of MeOH in the early stages of degradation. Also, the estimated DP values for the studied transformers were obtained through 2-FAL and MeOH concentration. The results show that estimating the amount of DP through MeOH concentration is associated with a probability of error of about 9% compared to estimating DP through 2-FAL concentration.